Work done by Mehdi CHEBBAH

Table of Contents

WORKING ENVIRONMENT

The goal of this mini project is to get started with the MLlib library of Apache Spark. I will try to solve some interesting machine learning use cases in a well structured way. In the end, I will get a well-trained ML model that solves a real-world problem.

In the first part, I will focus on getting the data and preparing it for processing ( data Pre-Processing ), which is a very important task in a data scientist's day. I will then move on to the actual training of the model. Then it's validation.

To do this I work in the following environment:

• Python
• Apache Spark
• findspark library
• Numpy
• Jupyter

Apache Spark

Apache Spark is an open-source cluster-computing framework. Originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley's AMPLab. Spark provides an interface for programming entire clusters with implicit data parallelism and fault tolerance.

Installation: To install it just download the package from the official website and follow the installation steps.

Test the installation: run this command /path/to/spark/bin/pyspark --version

MLlib

Apache Spark MLlib is a machine learning library that includes common machine learning algorithms and utilities, including classification, regression, clustering, collaborative filtering and dimensionality reduction.

Installation: included in Spark by default.

findspark

To facilitate access to Apache Spark, we will use findpark. This is a very simple library that automatically configures the development environment to import the Apache Spark library.

Installation: run the following command (you must have pip3 installed) pip3 install findspark

Numpy

Numpy is a famous numerical calculation library in Python.

Installation: run the following command pip3 install numpy.

Jupyter

Jupyter Notepad is an open source web application that allows you to create and share documents containing live code, equations, visualizations and narrative text. Uses include: data cleaning and transformation, numerical simulation, statistical modeling, data visualization, machine learning and more.

Installation: run the following command (it requires pip3 to be installed) pip3 install jupyter

GETTING HANDS DIRTY

Dataset acquisition

In this mini-project, I will try to make a linear regression model to predict the famous Boston Housing data set. (Download HERE)

This dataset contains information collected by the U.S Census Service regarding housing in the Boston Mass area. It was obtained from the StatLib archive and has been widely used in the literature to compare algorithms.

The dataset is small with only 506 cases. It contains 14 features described as follows:

• CRIM: Crime rate per capita by city
• ZN: the proportion of residential land zoned for lots larger than 25,000 sq. ft.
• INDUS: proportion of non-commercial commercial acres by city.
• CHAS: Charles River dummy variable (1 if the section borders the river; 0 otherwise)
• NOX: nitric oxide concentration (parts per 10 million)
• RM: average number of rooms per dwelling
• AGE: proportion of owner-occupied dwellings built before 1940
• DIS: weighted distances to five Boston employment centers
• RAD**: radial highway accessibility index
• TAXE: full value property tax rate per $10,000
• PTRATIO: student/teacher ratio by city
• B: 1000 (Bk - 0.63) ² where Bk is the proportion of blacks per city
• LSTAT: % lower status of population
• MEDV: median value of owner-occupied housing in thousands of dollars

The goal is to use the 13 features to predict the value of MEDV (which represents the price of housing).

Dataset pre-processing

To get started we'll create a new notebook of jupyter to do:

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$ jupyter notebook

Then we import the findsparke library

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import findspark
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findspark.init('/opt/spark')

Then we start a SparkSession:

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from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
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spark = SparkSession.builder.getOrCreate()

Then we read the dataset:

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data = spark.read.csv('./boston_housing.csv', header=True, inferSchema=True)
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# header = True means that the first line contains the header
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# inferSchema = True allows automatic detection of the underlying data schema

To visualize the data:

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data.show()

Now comes the fun part... The MLlib algorithms expect the data to be represented in two columns: Features and Labels. Features is an array of data points of all the features to be used for prediction. The labels contain the output label for each data point.

In our example, the features are the columns from 1 to 13, the labels are the MEDV column which contains the price.

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feature_columns = data.columns[:-1]
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from pyspark.ml.feature import VectorAssembler
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assembler = VectorAssembler(inputCols=feature_columns,outputCol="features")
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# outputCol = "features" defines the name of the output vector that combines all values
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data_2 = assembler.transform(data)

Now we notice the creation of a new column named "features" which contains all the values combined in a list

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data_2.show()

As in all machine learning workflows, we divide the data into train and test. Here, we split it into 70% train examples and 30% test examples.

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train, test = data_2.randomSplit([0.7, 0.3])

Now we have finished preparing the data for training. We can start working on the model.

Model construction

We will use the LinearRegression class for the training of the model

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from pyspark.ml.regression import LinearRegression

Then we define the column of features and the column of labels.

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algo = LinearRegression(featuresCol="features", labelCol="medv")

Now it's time for training

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model = algo.fit(train)

And voilà, we have built a model of ML in Spark.

Performance evaluation

To test the performance of our model we will try to predict the labels of the test-set and then see the mean absolute error or coefficient of determination (R²) or mean square deviation for example. To do so:

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evaluation_summary = model.evaluate(test)
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evaluation_summary.meanAbsoluteError
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# Output: 3.4605272652624652
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evaluation_summary.rootMeanSquaredError
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# Output: 4.721035911637129
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evaluation_summary.r2
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# Output: 0.7643918170167411

We notice that R² is close to 1 so we accept the model.

Unlabelled data prediction

To predict the outputs of unlabeled data, you call the model.transform function while passing your DataFrame.

For example we will try to predict the labels of the test-set

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predictions = model.transform(test)

To view our results

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predictions.select(predictions.columns[13:]).show()
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# J'ai filtrer les resultats pour des resons d'affichage

BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBOGRAPHY

1. Spark documentation (en)
2. The Boston Housing Dataset (en)
3. How to validate a predictive model ? (en)